DNS isn’t based on propagation, but on (cache) expiry. Which means it is all about TTL (Time to Live), and since humans are bad at coping with caching (remember the post There are 2 hard problems in computer science: cache invalidation, naming things, and off-by-1 errors?), I needed some DNS refresh.
The time values in seconds of SOA (Start of Authority) and TTL record entries are always a pain, so hopefully this helps some:
- TTL values are decimal integers specifying seconds.
- [Wayback/Archive] TTL Calculator allows you to get readable values for the DNS TLL that mostly is specified in sections (which is a great unit of time, just a bit tedious for humans to comprehend larger values of)
- The SOA time values usually are kind of moot except for the final value, which is the negative answer time out if it is smaller than the default TTL.
Some TTL recommendations of the DNS SOA record via [Wayback/Archive] dns soa ttl best practice – Google Search and [Wayback/Archive] dns recommended ttl values – Google Search:
I’d rather have a good route for unplanned DNS changes (as in the past, quite a few were about those), so I settled for 3600 seconds (1 hour), but might go down to 600 seconds (10 minutes).
Checking DNS entries
Changing DNS entries
Some information on the DNS “master” files (which contain the RR or “resource records”) from [Wayback/Archive.is] RFC1035: domain names – implementation and specification and [Wayback/Archive] RFC2308: Negative Caching of DNS Queries (DNS NCACHE), as keep forgetting them.
Both RFCs together specify that these line entries are defined (i.e. can be valid):
<blank>[<comment>]
$ORIGIN <domain-name> [<comment>]
$INCLUDE <file-name> [<domain-name>] [<comment>]
<domain-name><rr> [<comment>]
<blank><rr> [<comment>]
and that these are the valid <rr> or resource record formats:
[<TTL>] [<class>] <type> <RDATA>
[<class>] [<TTL>] <type> <RDATA>
If you do a DNS zone transfer – Wikipedia (often abbreviated to the DNS query type AXFR), then these entries always are single line with fields expanded, with each always having an absolute <domain name> entry ending in a dot (.), and read like this:
<domain name> TTL <class> <type> <RDATA>
From the specific RFCs:
- RFC 1035 section 3.2.4: CLASS values
- RFC 1035 section 5.1: master files – format
- White space to separate items on a line can be spaces or tabs
- Comments start with semi-colon (
;), which means that hashes (#) or double-slashes (//) won’t work and are syntax errors (the above mentioned tool named-checkzone can help you figure out those syntax errors).
- There are line entries for blank,
$ORIGIN, $INCLUDE, and resource record.
- A line entry starting with
$ORIGIN defines the current origin to be used from then on. Without such entry, he default origin can be defined through a parameter when loading the master file (see the Zone file: localhost example file)
- Resource record line entries can start with:
@ to use the current origin as domain name.- a specified
<domain-name> to denote the domain name to be used
- no
<domain-name> indicating the previous domain name to be used
- A
<domain-name> can be absolute ending in a dot (.)), or relative (in which case the origin is appended).
- No
<TTL> or no <class> value means to use the previous TTL or class values to be used.
- One resource record entry per line, unless you put parenthesis, then you can wrap it over multiple lines, which can be convenient for SOA record like this:
@ IN SOA ns1.4delphi.com. hostmaster.4delphi.com. (
2021112201 ; serial
3600 ; refresh every 1 hour
120 ; retry every 2 minutes
1209600 ; expire in 2 weeks
10800 ; now is 3 hours (see RFC2308) used to be 2 days: 172800 ; default_ttl
)
- RFC2308 section 4: SOA Minimum Field
- The
$TTL line entry defining the default TTL to be used from then on (similar to $ORIGIN )
There is more (like encoding of domain names, more resource record types, and domain name length limitations), but those go beyond this blog post.
Examples on Wikipedia
Zone file: Example file is great:
$ORIGIN example.com. ; designates the start of this zone file in the namespace
$TTL 3600 ; default expiration time (in seconds) of all RRs without their own TTL value
example.com. IN SOA ns.example.com. username.example.com. ( 2020091025 7200 3600 1209600 3600 )
example.com. IN NS ns ; ns.example.com is a nameserver for example.com
example.com. IN NS ns.somewhere.example. ; ns.somewhere.example is a backup nameserver for example.com
example.com. IN MX 10 mail.example.com. ; mail.example.com is the mailserver for example.com
@ IN MX 20 mail2.example.com. ; equivalent to above line, "@" represents zone origin
@ IN MX 50 mail3 ; equivalent to above line, but using a relative host name
example.com. IN A 192.0.2.1 ; IPv4 address for example.com
IN AAAA 2001:db8:10::1 ; IPv6 address for example.com
ns IN A 192.0.2.2 ; IPv4 address for ns.example.com
IN AAAA 2001:db8:10::2 ; IPv6 address for ns.example.com
www IN CNAME example.com. ; www.example.com is an alias for example.com
wwwtest IN CNAME www ; wwwtest.example.com is another alias for www.example.com
mail IN A 192.0.2.3 ; IPv4 address for mail.example.com
mail2 IN A 192.0.2.4 ; IPv4 address for mail2.example.com
mail3 IN A 192.0.2.5 ; IPv4 address for mail3.example.com
as well as the examples at Zone file: Localhost:
An example for manual configuration of the forward zone for localhost is the following:
$ORIGIN localhost.
@ 86400 IN SOA @ root (
1999010100 ; serial
10800 ; refresh (3 hours)
900 ; retry (15 minutes)
604800 ; expire (1 week)
86400 ; minimum (1 day)
)
@ 86400 IN NS @
@ 86400 IN A 127.0.0.1
@ 86400 IN AAAA ::1
The corresponding reverse zone definition is:
;; reverse zone file for 127.0.0.1 and ::1
$TTL 1814400 ; 3 weeks
@ 1814400 IN SOA localhost. root.localhost. (
1999010100 ; serial
10800 ; refresh (3 hours)
900 ; retry (15 minutes)
604800 ; expire (1 week)
86400 ; minimum (1 day)
)
@ 1814400 IN NS localhost.
1 1814400 IN PTR localhost.
This file does not specify the origin so that it may be used for both IPv4 and IPv6 with this configuration:
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "r.local";
};
zone "0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "r.local";
};
Similar zone master files may be created for the reverse resolution of the broadcast address and the null address. Such zone files prevent a DNS server from referring to other, possibly external DNS servers.
Related
OpenSuSE: the relation between /etc/var/named.d and /var/lib/named
—jeroen
The Wiert Corner - irregular stream of stuff 