Dennard scaling – Wikipedia: finally learned why since 20 years, maximum CPU frequency stagnated at about 4 Ghz
Posted by jpluimers on 2025/07/29
Since around 2005–2007 Dennard scaling appears to have broken down. As of 2016, transistor counts in integrated circuits are still growing, but the resulting improvements in performance are more gradual than the speed-ups resulting from significant frequency increases.[1][10] The primary reason cited for the breakdown is that at small sizes, current leakage poses greater challenges and also causes the chip to heat up, which creates a threat of thermal runaway and therefore further increases energy costs.[1][10] Since 2005, the clock frequency has stagnated at 4 GHz, and the power consumption per CPU at 100 W TDP.
Via [Wayback/Archive] What Happened to the Capacitors in 2002? – YouTube
--jeroen
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