The Wiert Corner – irregular stream of stuff

Jeroen W. Pluimers on .NET, C#, Delphi, databases, and personal interests

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Archive for the ‘Software Development’ Category

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Chocolatey on Windows 7: “You must provide a value expression on the right-hand side of the ‘-‘ operator.”

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/06/08

One of the places explaining a more and more frequent error on Windows 7 installations is [Wayback/Archive.is] “You must provide a value expression on the right-hand side of the ‘-‘ operator.” · Issue #29 · shiftkey/chocolatey-beyondcompare:

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Posted in Chocolatey, CommandLine, Development, Microsoft Surface on Windows 7, Power User, PowerShell, PowerShell, Scripting, Software Development, Windows, Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2 | Leave a Comment »

Be careful when using the System.Threading unit in versions earlier than Delphi 11 (it ditches Windows XP compatibility, for a reason)

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/06/07

A while ago, I got reminded of a few occurrences of Delphi apps hanging after a little less than 2 months of being active.

It does not happen that often, as usually Patch Tuesday requires a reboot, but sometimes it doesn’t, or ops forgot to patch the affected machine.

The common thing for these hanging apps was that they all used the System.Threading unit (introduced in Delphi XE7). That unit relied on [Wayback] TThread.GetTickcount (added in Delphi XE3 in the System.Classes unit) which uses a 32-bit unsigned [Archive.is] cardinal value as it relied on the Windows API [Wayback] GetTickCount function which in turn has this remark:

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Posted in Conference Topics, Conferences, Delphi, Development, Event, Software Development | Leave a Comment »

Wake-on-LAN from a Windows machine

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/06/02

Before digging into Wake-on-LAN on Windows machines, I’ll interlude with basically the canonical wakonlan available on many non Windows machines

On Linux and BSD machines, there is the Perl script wakeonlan (steadily at version 0.41) at [Wayback/Archive.is] jpoliv/wakeonlan: Perl script for waking up computers via Wake-On-LAN magic packets (script: [Wayback/Archive.is] wakeonlan/wakeonlan at master · jpoliv/wakeonlan) with this help:

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Posted in *nix, *nix-tools, Development, Perl, Power User, Scripting, Software Development, Windows | Leave a Comment »

Get it at a discount while it is hot: Delphi Thread Safety Patterns eBook by Dalija Prasnikar and Neven Prasnikar Jr.

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/06/01

Get the new [Wayback/Archive] Delphi Thread Safety Patterns eBook at a discount while it is hot:

Use Coupon Code: DTSPATT10 at checkout to get a $10 discount.
This promotional offer is valid through June 14.

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Posted in Delphi, Development, Encoding, ISO-8859, ISO8859, Mojibake, Multi-Threading / Concurrency, Software Development, UTF-8, Windows-1252 | Leave a Comment »

A twitter call to say nice things about technology sparked interesting threads

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/05/27

A while ago [Archive.is] Adam Jacob on Twitter: “Let’s say nice things about technology today. I’ll start. If it wasn’t for @lkanies and @puppetize, there is no way we would have been able to adapt as an industry to the rise of the cloud. Quote tweet me with your own.” sparked some interesting threads.

First posts are below; click on them to see the full threads.

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Posted in Chrome, Configuration Management, Development, DevOps, Firefox, History, IaC - Infrastructure as Code, Infocom and Z-machine, Infrastructure, KVM Kernel-based Virtual Machine, LSI/3ware, Open Source, PDP-11, Power User, PowerShell, Puppet, Python, Qemu, Rust, Safari, Scripting, Software Development, UCSD Pascal, Vagrant, Veewee, Virtualization, Web Browsers, Xen | Leave a Comment »

version control – Migrate from bitbucket to GitLab – Stack Overflow

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/05/24

For my link archive: [Wayback] version control – Migrate from bitbucket to GitLab – Stack Overflow

Documentation: [Wayback] Import your project from Bitbucket Cloud to GitLab | GitLab

–jeroen

Posted in BitBucket, Development, DVCS - Distributed Version Control, git, GitLab, Software Development, Source Code Management | Leave a Comment »

On Windows, keep the lifetime of relative pathnames as short as possible because of thread-safety issues

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/05/18

Subtitle:

GetFullPathName thread-unsafety because of SetCurrentDirectory isn’t, so derived functions (like Delphi GetDir/ChDir/TPath.GetFullPath, or .NET System.IO.Path.GetFullPath) are not thread-safe either (via The Old New Thing)

A while ago I got a big reminder because of [Wayback] What are these dire multithreading consequences that the GetFullPathName documentation is trying to warn me about? | The Old New Thing:

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Posted in Delphi, Development, Pascal, Software Development, Turbo Pascal, Windows Development | Leave a Comment »

A while ago @LarsFosdal praised Bruneau Babet for trying to offset the lack of Idera/EMBT customer communication and quality control: Lars Fosdal is right

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/05/17

Earlier this year, [Wayback/Archive] Lars Fosdal posted a long thread about Embarcadero/IDERA software quality and one special person trying to offset the lack.

It is important not just because of his opinion, but also because Lars posts rarely about his Delphi opinion. He is the kind of guy quietly working with Delphi and doing a lot of community support.

When he posts, it is important and should be a signal to be picked up by Embarcadero/IDERA. Until now, not so much of that.

The first tweet was this:

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Posted in Delphi, Development, Software Development | Leave a Comment »

Tesseract (software): amazing command-line OCR tool

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/05/13

A twitter post blasted me away by showing the results of Tesseract (software) – Wikipedia doing perfect OCR on an image from a twitter post:

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Posted in C++, Color (software development), Development, OCR, Power User, Software Development, Tesseract | Leave a Comment »

Filezilla SFTP: figuring out the cause of “Connection timed out after 20 seconds of inactivity” part 2: about ((non-)?(interactive|login) ?){2} bash shells

Posted by jpluimers on 2022/05/12

Last year, I wrote about Filezilla: figuring out the cause of “Connection timed out after 20 seconds of inactivity” about sftp connection problems.

The solution there was to exclude part of bashrc with an if [Wayback] statement so bash would skip it during sftp, but not during ssh login:

[WayBack] linux – Use .bashrc without breaking sftp – Server Fault

  • From answer 1 (thanks [WayBack] Mike):

    Try doing this instead

    if [ "$SSH_TTY" ]
then
   source .bashc_real
fi
  • From Answer 2 (thanks [WayBack] Insyte):

    A good trick for testing the cleanliness of your login environment is to ssh in with a command, which simulates the same way scp/sftp connect. For example: ssh myhost /bin/true will show you exactly what scp/sftp sees when they connect.

That caused some scripts not to be run when switching user, for instance by doing sudo su -.

The reason for that was that I forgot to put enough research in part of Answer 2, so I quote a few bits more of it (highlights and code markup mine):

… it’s worth pointing out that you can accomplish this carefully selecting which startup files to put the verbose stuff in. From the bash man page:

When bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the --login option, it first reads and executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The --noprofile option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.

When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bash reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists. This may be inhibited by using the --norc option. The --rcfile file option will force bash to read and execute commands from file instead of ~/.bashrc.

The sftp/scp tools start an interactive non-login shell, so .bashrc will be sourced.

For further reading, there is the underlying bash manual as a PDF file [Wayback] and html document tree [Wayback]. Note it is large (the PDF is 190 pages).

I find the easiest way to navigate around bash documentation through these links:

Types of shell invocations: to login or to non-login and to interactive or to non-interactive

Basically, from the above answer there are [Archive.is] 4 types of shells (confirmed by these parts of the bash documentation: [Wayback] Section 6.1: Invoking-Bash and [Wayback] Section 6.2: Bash-Startup-Files):

  1. interactive login
  2. interactive non-login
  3. non-interactive login
  4. non-interactive non-login

And there are various means the shells can start (ssh, local console, …). The "$SSH_TTY" trick only checks interactive login via ssh, but fails to detect others.

So I did some digging for the correct information to log, which including the above are:

  • [Wayback] Section 4.3.1: The-Set-Builtin
    • -h Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution. This option is enabled by default.
    • -m Job control is enabled (see Job Control). All processes run in a separate process group. When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status.
    • -B The shell will perform brace expansion (see Brace Expansion). This option is on by default.
    • -H Enable ‘!’ style history substitution (see History Interaction). This option is on by default for interactive shells.

    Note that in addition to this, there is the non-settable option i: The current shell is interactive (see the -i in section 6.1 below).

  • [Wayback] Section 4.3.2: The-Shopt-Builtin
    • login_shell The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see Invoking Bash). The value may not be changed.
  • [Wayback] Section 6.1: Invoking-Bash

    There are several single-character options that may be supplied at invocation which are not available with the set builtin.

    • -i Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are described in Interactive Shells.

    …

    A login shell is one whose first character of argument zero is ‘-’, or one invoked with the –login option.

  • [Wayback] Section 6.2: Bash-Startup-Files explains about these shell invocation types:
    • interactive login shell
    • interactive non-login shell
    • non-interactive shell
  • [Wayback] Section 6.3.1: Is-this-Shell-Interactive

    To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running interactively, test the value of the ‘-’ special parameter. It contains i when the shell is interactive. For example:

    case "$-" in
*i*)    echo This shell is interactive ;;
*)  echo This shell is not interactive ;;
esac

    Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable PS1; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells. Thus:

    if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
        echo This shell is not interactive
else
        echo This shell is interactive
fi

From theory to practice

After reading the above documentation links, I put the below code in the global .bashrc (which of course caused trouble with sftp, so I commented it out later):

echo "Option flags: '$-'"
echo "PS1: '$PS1'"
echo "shopt login_shell: '$(shopt login_shell)'"
echo "Parameter zero: '$0'"
[ "$SSH_TTY" ] ; echo "[ \"\$SSH_TTY\" ] outcome: $?"

And the output after these commands:

  1. ssh user@host
    Option flags: 'himBH'
PS1: '\u@\h:\w> '
shopt login_shell: 'login_shell     on'
Parameter zero: '-bash'
[ "$SSH_TTY" ] outcome: 0

    Verdict: interactive, login

  2. ssh user@host

    followed by

    sudo su -
    Option flags: 'himBH'
PS1: '\[\]\h:\w #\[\] '
shopt login_shell: 'login_shell     on'
Parameter zero: '-bash'
[ "$SSH_TTY" ] outcome: 1

    Verdict: interactive, login

  3. ssh user@host

    followed by

    bash
    Option flags: 'himBH'
PS1: '\u@\h:\w> '
shopt login_shell: 'login_shell     off'
Parameter zero: 'bash'
[ "$SSH_TTY" ] outcome: 0

    Verdict: interactive, non-login

  4. ssh user@host

    followed by

    sudo su -

    then by

    bash
    Option flags: 'himBH'
PS1: '\[\]\h:\w #\[\] '
shopt login_shell: 'login_shell     off'
Parameter zero: 'bash'
[ "$SSH_TTY" ] outcome: 1

    Verdict: interactive, non-login

  5. ssh user@host /bin/true
    Option flags: 'hBc'
PS1: ''
shopt login_shell: 'login_shell     off'
Parameter zero: 'bash'
[ "$SSH_TTY" ] outcome: 1

    Verdict: non-interactive, non-login

The final one is what for instance sftp will see. It excludes the non-interactive mark in the shopt option flags.

Modifications to my .bashrc file

Since the [Wayback] test for "$SSH_TTY" is inconsistent with the login being interactive, I modified the .bashrc section

if [ "$SSH_TTY" ]
then
   source .bashc_real
fi

to become

if [[ $- =~ i ]]
then
   # only during interactive login shells
   source .bashc_real
fi

I know the [[...]] over test shorthand [...] is a bashism, see [Wayback] if statement – Is double square brackets [[ ]] preferable over single square brackets [ ] in Bash? – Stack Overflow for why I like it.

More relevant documentation

I based the above changes not only on the mentioned StackOverflow post, but also doing some more Googling revealing these useful documentation and question/answer links:

  • [Wayback] Section 3.2.5.2: Conditional Constructs; [[ expression ]]

    [[…]]

    [[ expression ]]

    Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression expression. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in Bash Conditional Expressions. Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words between the [[ and ]]; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Conditional operators such as ‘-f’ must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.

    …

    An additional binary operator, ‘=~’, is available, with the same precedence as ‘==’ and ‘!=’. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular expression and matched accordingly (using the POSIX regcomp and regexec interfaces usually described in regex(3)). The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression’s return value is 2.

  • [Wayback] Section 4.1: Bourne Shell Builtins; test or [...] (Bash Reference Manual)
    test expr

    Evaluate a conditional expression expr and return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false). Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in Bash Conditional Expressions. test does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of -- as signifying the end of options.

    When the [ form is used, the last argument to the command must be a ].

  • [Wayback] bash – What are the special dollar sign shell variables? – Stack Overflow (thanks [Wayback] kojiro!):
    • $1, $2, $3, … are the positional parameters.
    • "$@" is an array-like construct of all positional parameters, {$1, $2, $3 ...}.
    • "$*" is the IFS expansion of all positional parameters, $1 $2 $3 ....
    • $# is the number of positional parameters.
    • $- current options set for the shell.
    • $$ pid of the current shell (not subshell).
    • $_ most recent parameter (or the abs path of the command to start the current shell immediately after startup).
    • $IFS is the (input) field separator.
    • $? is the most recent foreground pipeline exit status.
    • $! is the PID of the most recent background command.
    • $0 is the name of the shell or shell script.

    Most of the above can be found under Special Parameters in the Bash Reference Manual. There are all the environment variables set by the shell.

    For a comprehensive index, please see the Reference Manual Variable Index.

  • [Wayback] bash – Differentiate Interactive login and non-interactive non-login shell – Ask Ubuntu (thanks [Wayback] terdon)

    Briefly (see here for more details), with examples:

    • interactive login shell: You log into a remote computer via, for example ssh. Alternatively, you drop to a tty on your local machine (Ctrl+Alt+F1) and log in there.
    • interactive non-login shell: Open a new terminal.
    • non-interactive non-login shell: Run a script. All scripts run in their own subshell and this shell is not interactive. It only opens to execute the script and closes immediately once the script is finished.
    • non-interactive login shell: This is extremely rare, and you’re unlikey to encounter it. One way of launching one is echo command | ssh server. When ssh is launched without a command (so ssh instead of ssh command which will run command on the remote shell) it starts a login shell. If the stdin of the ssh is not a tty, it starts a non-interactive shell. This is why echo command | ssh server will launch a non-interactive login shell. You can also start one with bash -l -c command.

    If you want to play around with this, you can test for the various types of shell as follows:

    • Is this shell interactive?Check the contents of the $- variable. For interactive shells, it will include i: 
      ## Normal shell, just running a command in a terminal: interacive
$ echo $-
himBHs
## Non interactive shell
$ bash -c 'echo $-'
hBc
    • Is this a login shell?There is no portable way of checking this but, for bash, you can check if the login_shell option is set: 
      ## Normal shell, just running a command in a terminal: interacive
$ shopt login_shell 
login_shell     off
## Login shell; 
$ ssh localhost
$ shopt login_shell 
login_shell     on

    Putting all this together, here’s one of each possible type of shell:

    ## Interactive, non-login shell. Regular terminal
$ echo $-; shopt login_shell
himBHs
login_shell     off

## Interactive login shell
$ bash -l
$ echo $-; shopt login_shell
himBHs
login_shell     on

## Non-interactive, non-login shell
$ bash -c 'echo $-; shopt login_shell'
hBc
login_shell     off

## Non-interactive login shell
$ echo 'echo $-; shopt login_shell' | ssh localhost
Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal.
hBs
login_shell     on
  • [Wayback] Difference between Login Shell and Non-Login Shell? – Unix & Linux Stack Exchange

    A login shell is the first process that executes under your user ID when you log in for an interactive session. The login process tells the shell to behave as a login shell with a convention: passing argument 0, which is normally the name of the shell executable, with a - character prepended (e.g. -bash whereas it would normally be bash. Login shells typically read a file that does things like setting environment variables: /etc/profile and ~/.profile for the traditional Bourne shell, ~/.bash_profile additionally for bash†, /etc/zprofile and ~/.zprofile for zsh†, /etc/csh.login and ~/.login for csh, etc.

    When you log in on a text console, or through SSH, or with su -, you get an interactive login shell. When you log in in graphical mode (on an X display manager), you don’t get a login shell, instead you get a session manager or a window manager.

    It’s rare to run a non-interactive login shell, but some X settings do that when you log in with a display manager, so as to arrange to read the profile files. Other settings (this depends on the distribution and on the display manager) read /etc/profile and ~/.profile explicitly, or don’t read them. Another way to get a non-interactive login shell is to log in remotely with a command passed through standard input which is not a terminal, e.g. ssh example.com <my-script-which-is-stored-locally (as opposed to ssh example.com my-script-which-is-on-the-remote-machine, which runs a non-interactive, non-login shell).

    When you start a shell in a terminal in an existing session (screen, X terminal, Emacs terminal buffer, a shell inside another, etc.), you get an interactive, non-login shell. That shell might read a shell configuration file (~/.bashrc for bash invoked as bash, /etc/zshrc and ~/.zshrc for zsh, /etc/csh.cshrc and ~/.cshrc for csh, the file indicated by the ENV variable for POSIX/XSI-compliant shells such as dash, ksh, and bash when invoked as sh, $ENV if set and ~/.mkshrc for mksh, etc.).

    When a shell runs a script or a command passed on its command line, it’s a non-interactive, non-login shell. Such shells run all the time: it’s very common that when a program calls another program, it really runs a tiny script in a shell to invoke that other program. Some shells read a startup file in this case (bash runs the file indicated by the BASH_ENV variable, zsh runs /etc/zshenv and ~/.zshenv), but this is risky: the shell can be invoked in all sorts of contexts, and there’s hardly anything you can do that might not break something.

    † I’m simplifying a little, see the manual for the gory details.

If you want to avoid the [[...]] bashishm, then read [Wayback] Bashism: How to make bash scripts work in dash – Greg’s Wiki.

–jeroen

Posted in *nix, *nix-tools, ash/dash, bash, bash, Communications Development, Conference Topics, Conferences, Development, Event, Internet protocol suite, Power User, Scripting, SFTP, Software Development, SSH, TCP | Leave a Comment »

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